Medicinal PT-141

the citation register

PT-141 references: the studies and the label behind this digest

Every quantitative clinical claim on this site traces to one of these sources. The field-reports layer carries no citations — by design, because it is unverified.

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How to read these references

The numbered references below are the complete source list for this digest, ordered as they appear across the site. They span the foundational pharmacology, the two pivotal RECONNECT Phase 3 trials and their 52-week extension, the human fMRI mechanism study, the FDA structured product label, the NIH LiverTox monograph, expert reviews and a first-approval summary, an independent critical re-analysis, and the most recent management literature. Each carries a DOI or PubMed identifier where one exists. The clearly-labeled field-reports material on the side-effects and for-men pages is deliberately absent from this list because it is unverified community experience, not published evidence.

  1. Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. ↗
  2. Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. ↗
  3. Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. ↗
  4. Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. ↗
  5. Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. ↗
  6. Dhillon S, Keam SJ. Bremelanotide: First Approval. Drugs. 2019;79:1599-1606. ↗
  7. U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information (structured product label). 2019. ↗
  8. Mayer D, Lynch SE. Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2020;54(7):684-690. ↗
  9. Cipriani S, Maseroli E, Vignozzi L. An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(1):15-21. ↗
  10. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bremelanotide — LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. 2021. ↗
  11. Kim S, Cho MC, Cho SY, Chung H, Rajasekaran MR. Novel Emerging Therapies for Erectile Dysfunction. World J Mens Health. 2021;39(1):48-64. ↗
  12. Spielmans GI. Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in Women. J Sex Res. 2021;58(9):1085-1105. ↗
  13. Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;110299. ↗
  14. Fuhrman J, et al. Practical considerations and emerging approaches for the management of vasomotor and sexual symptoms. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2025. ↗
  15. Rowen T, et al. Evaluation and management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women: Recommendations from a multidisciplinary panel. Sex Med Rev. 2026. ↗